Computer Glossary
AI: Artificial Intelligence. It refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines, enabling them to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as speech recognition, decision-making, and problem-solving.
API: Application Programming Interface. It is a set of rules and protocols that allows different software applications to communicate and interact with each other.
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It is a character encoding standard that represents text characters in computers and other devices.
Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure or set of rules for solving a specific problem or accomplishing a task.
Archive: A file or collection of files that have been compressed and stored together, typically to save disk space or for long-term storage.
Authentication: The process of verifying the identity of a user or system, usually through a username and password, to gain access to a computer or network.
Antivirus: Software designed to detect, prevent, and remove computer viruses and other malicious software from a computer system.
Application: Also known as software or an app, it refers to a program or set of programs designed to perform specific tasks or functions on a computer or mobile device.
Adware: Software that displays advertisements, often in the form of pop-up ads, within other programs or on a user’s screen.
Algorithmic Trading: The use of computer algorithms to automate trading decisions in financial markets, aiming to optimize trade execution and profitability.
Address Bar: A feature in web browsers where users can enter a URL or search terms to navigate to specific websites or perform web searches.
Audio Codec: A software or hardware algorithm that compresses and decompresses digital audio data, allowing for efficient storage and transmission of audio files.
Attachment: A file that is sent along with an email message. Attachments can be documents, images, videos, or any other type of file.
Augmented Reality (AR): A technology that overlays digital information, such as graphics or text, onto the real-world environment, enhancing the user’s perception and interaction with the surroundings.
AutoSave: A feature in software applications that automatically saves changes made to a file at regular intervals, helping to prevent data loss in case of system or application crashes.
Analytics: The process of discovering and interpreting patterns and trends in data, often using specialized software tools or algorithms, to gain insights and make informed decisions.
API Key: A unique identifier or code provided by an API provider to developers, allowing them to access and use the API services within their applications.
App Store: An online platform or marketplace where users can browse, download, and install various software applications for their mobile devices or computers.
Authentication Token: A piece of data or code used to authenticate a user’s identity or provide secure access to a system or service.
AutoCorrect: A feature in word processors and text editing software that automatically corrects common spelling mistakes or replaces predefined abbreviations with full words or phrases.
Avatar: A graphical representation or digital persona that represents an individual or user in online environments, such as video games, virtual worlds, or social media platforms.
Agile Development: A software development methodology that emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and iterative development, allowing for adaptive and incremental software delivery.
AirDrop: A feature available on Apple devices that enables users to wirelessly share files, photos, and other content with nearby devices over Wi-Fi or Bluetooth connections.
Application Framework: A software framework that provides a foundation and structure for building applications by providing libraries, tools, and predefined components.
Artificial Neural Network: A computational model inspired by the structure and function of biological neural networks, used in machine learning and deep learning to recognize patterns and make predictions.
Assembly Language: A low-level programming language that uses mnemonic codes and symbols to represent machine instructions, allowing programmers to write code that is closer to the machine’s hardware.
AutoPlay: A feature in operating systems that automatically detects and launches appropriate actions or applications when certain external devices, such as USB drives or DVDs, are connected or inserted.
Accessibility: The design and implementation of technology and software to make them usable and accessible to individuals with disabilities, ensuring equal access and inclusion for all users.
Applet: A small software application, typically written in Java, that can be embedded within a web page or run in a web browser to provide interactive features or functionality.
Artificial Reality: An umbrella term that encompasses virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), referring to computer-generated environments or experiences that simulate or enhance the real world.
Backup: A process of creating copies of data or files to prevent data loss in case of hardware failure, accidental deletion, or other unforeseen events.
Bandwidth: The maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network connection in a given amount of time, typically measured in bits per second (bps) or megabits per second (Mbps).
Binary: A base-2 numbering system used in computing, representing data using only two digits, 0 and 1. Binary is fundamental to digital computing and storage.
BIOS: Basic Input/Output System. It is firmware that initializes hardware components during the boot process and provides a basic set of instructions for the computer to start up.
Bit: The smallest unit of digital information in computing, representing a value of either 0 or 1.
Bluetooth: A wireless technology standard that enables short-range communication between devices, such as smartphones, computers, and peripherals, without the need for cables.
Boot: The process of starting up a computer or device and loading the operating system into memory.
Browser: A software application used to access and navigate the World Wide Web, displaying websites and interpreting HTML and other web languages.
Bug: An error, flaw, or defect in software code that causes unexpected behavior or problems in a program. Debugging is the process of identifying and fixing bugs.
Byte: A unit of digital information composed of 8 bits. It is the basic unit used to represent characters, numbers, and other data in computing.
Binary Code: A representation of data or instructions in binary form, using 0s and 1s. It is the foundation of all digital computing and processing.
Browser Cache: A temporary storage area in a web browser that stores downloaded web page content, images, and other data to speed up subsequent visits to the same webpage.
Broadband: A high-speed internet connection that provides faster data transmission rates than traditional dial-up connections.
Backup and Restore: The process of creating copies of data or system configurations and restoring them in case of data loss or system failure.
Bookmark: A saved link to a specific webpage that allows users to quickly access the website without having to search for it again.
Binary File: A type of file that stores data in a format that is not easily readable by humans, typically composed of binary code representing machine-readable instructions or data.
Backup Battery: A secondary power source, such as a rechargeable battery or uninterruptible power supply (UPS), used to provide temporary power in the event of a power outage or interruption.
BIOS Setup: A configuration utility accessed during computer startup that allows users to modify settings in the computer’s BIOS, such as boot order, hardware settings, and system parameters.
Batch File: A script or sequence of commands stored in a plain text file that can be executed by the operating system, typically used for automating repetitive tasks or running multiple commands sequentially.
Browser Extension: A software add-on or plugin that extends the functionality of a web browser, providing additional features, customizations, or integration with other services.
Bytecode: A low-level, platform-independent representation of a program that is executed by a virtual machine or interpreter. Bytecode is often used in programming languages like Java.
Backup Software: Specialized software designed to automate the process of creating backups, managing backup schedules, and restoring data from backup files.
BIOS Update: The process of updating or upgrading the firmware of a computer’s BIOS to fix bugs, add new features, or enhance compatibility with hardware or software.
Bitrate: The rate at which data is processed or transmitted, typically measured in bits per second (bps). Bitrate is often used to describe the quality or speed of audio or video data streams.
Buffer: A temporary storage area used to hold data or instructions during data transfer between different components of a computer system, often used to compensate for differences in processing speeds.
Browser Tab: A separate instance of a web page or document opened within a web browser, allowing users to have multiple web pages or documents open simultaneously.
Backup Schedule: A predefined plan or timetable for creating backups at specific intervals, such as daily, weekly, or monthly, to ensure regular and up-to-date data protection.
BIOS Password: A security feature that requires users to enter a password during the computer’s boot process to access or modify the BIOS settings.
Binary Search: An efficient search algorithm used to locate a specific value within a sorted list or array by repeatedly dividing the search space in half until the target value is found or determined to be absent.
Barcode: A visual representation of data that consists of a series of parallel lines or patterns that can be scanned and interpreted by a barcode reader or scanner, often used for product identification or inventory management.
Cache: A high-speed data storage area used to temporarily store frequently accessed or recently used data, instructions, or web content to improve overall system performance.
Compiler: A software tool that translates human-readable source code written in programming languages such as C, C++, or Java into machine-readable code, usually in the form of executable files.
CPU: Central Processing Unit. It is the primary component of a computer that carries out instructions and performs calculations. It is often referred to as the “brain” of the computer.
Cloud Computing: The practice of using remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data and run applications, instead of relying solely on local computers or servers.
Cursor: A graphical representation, usually in the form of a blinking vertical line or a movable arrow, that indicates the current position or location on a computer screen and is controlled by a mouse or keyboard.
Cybersecurity: Measures and practices designed to protect computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access, data breaches, malware, and other cyber threats.
Cryptography: The science and practice of securing information by converting it into an unreadable format (ciphertext) using algorithms and cryptographic keys, making it difficult for unauthorized individuals to access or decipher.
Command Prompt: A command-line interface in an operating system, such as Windows or Unix-based systems, where users can enter text commands to perform various operations or execute programs.
Cookie: A small piece of data stored on a user’s computer by a website, containing information such as user preferences, session data, or tracking information, to enhance user experience or provide personalized content.
CSV: Comma-Separated Values. It is a simple file format used to store tabular data, where each value in the table is separated by a comma, allowing easy data exchange between different applications or systems.
Control Panel: A central interface in an operating system that allows users to view and adjust system settings, configure hardware devices, install or uninstall software, and perform administrative tasks.
Client-Server: A network architecture where multiple client devices (such as computers or smartphones) communicate with a centralized server, which provides resources, services, or data to the clients.
Cyberbullying: The use of digital technologies, such as social media, instant messaging, or online platforms, to harass, intimidate, or harm individuals or groups by sending abusive or threatening messages or sharing harmful content.
Compiler: A software tool that translates human-readable source code written in programming languages such as C, C++, or Java into machine-readable code, usually in the form of executable files.
Cookie: A small piece of data stored on a user’s computer by a website, containing information such as user preferences, session data, or tracking information, to enhance user experience or provide personalized content.
Compiler: A software tool that translates human-readable source code written in programming languages such as C, C++, or Java into machine-readable code, usually in the form of executable files.
Cookie: A small piece of data stored on a user’s computer by a website, containing information such as user preferences, session data, or tracking information, to enhance user experience or provide personalized content.
Cloud Storage: Online storage services that allow users to store and access data over the internet, typically provided by third-party providers, offering scalability, accessibility, and data redundancy.
Cluster: A group of interconnected computers or servers that work together to provide increased processing power, storage capacity, or fault tolerance for applications or services.
Cryptocurrency: A digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for secure transactions and to control the creation of new units. Examples include Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin.
Data: Information in various forms, such as text, numbers, images, or multimedia, that is processed and stored by computer systems.
Database: A structured collection of data organized and stored in a computer system, allowing efficient storage, retrieval, modification, and analysis of data using database management systems (DBMS).
Debugging: The process of identifying and fixing errors, bugs, or defects in software code to ensure proper functionality and eliminate unexpected behavior.
Desktop: The graphical user interface (GUI) of an operating system that provides a virtual workspace, typically consisting of icons, windows, menus, and a taskbar, allowing users to interact with applications and files.
DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is a network protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses and network configuration parameters to devices on a network.
Digital: Referring to data or information represented in a discrete, non-continuous form using a finite set of digits, typically 0 and 1, as opposed to analog signals or data.
DNS: Domain Name System. It is a decentralized naming system that translates domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into IP addresses, enabling users to access websites using easy-to-remember names.
Domain: A unique and human-readable name that identifies a website or network on the internet, typically ending with extensions such as .com, .org, or .net.
Download: The process of transferring data or files from a remote server or network to a local computer or device.
Drag and Drop: A user interface action that involves clicking on a digital object or file, dragging it to a different location or onto another object, and releasing the mouse button to perform an action, such as moving or copying the item.
Driver: Software that allows an operating system to communicate with and control hardware devices, enabling them to function properly.
DSL: Digital Subscriber Line. It is a broadband internet connection technology that uses existing telephone lines to provide high-speed data transmission.
DVD: Digital Versatile Disc. It is an optical storage medium that can store large amounts of data, including videos, audio, and computer files.
Data Backup: The process of creating copies of data or files to prevent data loss in case of hardware failure, accidental deletion, or other unforeseen events.
Desktop Publishing: The process of creating and designing printed materials, such as brochures, newsletters, or magazines, using specialized software on a computer.
Defragmentation: The process of reorganizing the data on a hard disk drive to optimize performance by consolidating fragmented files and improving data access speed.
Digital Signature: A cryptographic technique that verifies the authenticity and integrity of digital documents or messages, ensuring that they have not been altered or tampered with.
Distributed Computing: A computing model that involves multiple computers or devices working together to solve complex problems or process large amounts of data, often using a distributed network or cluster.
Domain Controller: A server in a Windows Server domain that manages user authentication, security policies, and other domain-related functions within a network.
DOS: Disk Operating System. It refers to a family of operating systems, such as MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), that were widely used before the advent of graphical user interfaces.
DRM: Digital Rights Management. It is a set of technologies and methods used to protect and enforce intellectual property rights over digital content, such as music, movies, or software.
Duplex Printing: A printing mode that allows printing on both sides of a sheet of paper, enabling cost savings and reducing paper consumption.
Data Mining: The process of extracting patterns, relationships, or insights from large datasets using statistical algorithms, machine learning techniques, or pattern recognition methods.
Deep Learning: A subfield of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks with multiple layers to process and analyze complex data, enabling tasks such as image recognition, natural language processing, and speech recognition.
Digital Camera: A device that captures and stores digital images and videos electronically, often using a sensor to convert light into digital signals.
DNS Server: Domain Name System Server. It is a specialized server that translates domain names into IP addresses, resolving domain name requests and facilitating internet communication.
Data Center: A centralized facility that houses a large number of computer servers, storage systems, and network infrastructure to support the storage, processing, and distribution of data for various applications and services.
Disk Space: The amount of storage capacity available on a hard disk drive or other storage media for storing data, typically measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB).
Data Encryption: The process of converting plain text or data into ciphertext using encryption algorithms and cryptographic keys, ensuring confidentiality and data security.
Data Warehouse: A centralized repository that integrates and stores large volumes of structured and unstructured data from various sources, enabling efficient data analysis and business intelligence.
Email: Electronic Mail. It is a method of sending and receiving messages, files, or documents over the internet or a computer network.
Encryption: The process of converting plain text or data into ciphertext using encryption algorithms and cryptographic keys, ensuring confidentiality and data security.
Ethernet: A common technology for wired local area networks (LANs) that uses a set of standards for the physical and data link layers of network communication.
Emoticon: A combination of keyboard characters or symbols used to represent facial expressions or emotions in written communication, often used in messaging or social media.
E-commerce: Electronic Commerce. It refers to buying and selling goods or services over the internet, often involving online transactions, electronic funds transfers, and secure payment gateways.
ERP: Enterprise Resource Planning. It is a software system that integrates and manages core business processes, such as finance, human resources, inventory, and customer relationship management, in a centralized database.
Encryption Key: A piece of information, often a string of characters, used in encryption algorithms to convert plain text into ciphertext and vice versa. The key is required to decrypt the encrypted data.
Extract, Transform, Load (ETL): A process commonly used in data warehousing that involves extracting data from various sources, transforming it into a common format, and loading it into a data warehouse or database for analysis.
Endpoint: A device or node connected to a network, such as a computer, smartphone, or server, that can send, receive, or process data.
External Hard Drive: A portable storage device that connects to a computer or other device externally, typically using USB or other external interfaces, to provide additional storage capacity.
Exploit: A piece of software or code that takes advantage of vulnerabilities or weaknesses in computer systems or software applications, allowing unauthorized access or control.
Firewall: A security measure that acts as a barrier between a computer network and external networks, controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
Floppy Disk: A thin, flexible magnetic storage medium housed in a square or rectangular plastic case, used for storing and transferring data in early computer systems.
File Extension: A set of characters appended to the end of a filename to indicate the file’s format or type. Examples include .txt for text files, .jpg for image files, and .docx for Microsoft Word documents.
Freeware: Software that is made available by the developer for free, allowing users to use, copy, modify, and distribute the software without any cost.
Encryption Algorithm: A specific set of mathematical rules and operations used to encrypt and decrypt data, ensuring secure communication and data protection.
Error Handling: The process of detecting, diagnosing, and responding to errors or exceptions that occur during the execution of a program or software application.
EULA: End-User License Agreement. It is a legal contract between the software developer or vendor and the end user, outlining the terms and conditions of using the software.
Event: In computer programming, an event refers to an action, occurrence, or notification generated by software or hardware that can be handled or responded to by a program.
Expired Domain: A domain name that has not been renewed by the owner after its registration period has ended, making it available for registration by others.
Ethernet Cable: A type of network cable commonly used for wired Ethernet networks, connecting devices such as computers, routers, and switches.
Emulator: A software or hardware system that replicates the functionality of another system or device, allowing it to run software or applications intended for the emulated system.
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD): A visual representation or diagram that illustrates the logical structure and relationships of entities (such as tables) in a database.
Event-driven Programming: A programming paradigm in which the flow and execution of a program are determined by events, such as user actions or system notifications, rather than following a linear sequence of code execution.
External Link: A hyperlink that points to a web page or resource outside the current website or domain, often used to reference additional information or related content.
E-commerce Platform: A software or online platform that enables businesses to sell products or services over the internet, providing features for managing inventory, processing payments, and facilitating customer interactions.
Endpoint Security: The practice of securing the network endpoints, such as computers, laptops, or mobile devices, to protect against malware, unauthorized access, and data breaches.
Error Code: A numeric or alphanumeric code that represents a specific error condition or problem encountered by a computer program or system, aiding in troubleshooting and debugging.
E-book: Short for electronic book, it refers to a digital publication that can be read on electronic devices, such as e-readers, tablets, or smartphones.
Embedded System: A computer system or device that is designed for a specific purpose and is embedded within another device or product, often with dedicated functions and limited user interaction.
Firewall: A security measure that acts as a barrier between a computer network and external networks, controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
Firmware: Software that is permanently stored in read-only memory (ROM) or flash memory chips of hardware devices, providing low-level control and functionality for the hardware.
File System: A method or structure used by operating systems to organize and manage files on storage devices, enabling efficient storage, retrieval, and management of data.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol. It is a standard network protocol used for transferring files between computers over a TCP/IP-based network, typically the internet.
Freeware: Software that is made available by the developer for free, allowing users to use, copy, modify, and distribute the software without any cost.
Flash Drive: A portable storage device that uses flash memory to store and transfer data. Also known as a USB drive, thumb drive, or pen drive.
Floppy Disk: A thin, flexible magnetic storage medium housed in a square or rectangular plastic case, used for storing and transferring data in early computer systems.
Full Stack: Refers to the combination of both front-end and back-end development skills required to develop and manage a complete web application or software project.
Function: In programming, a function is a self-contained block of code that performs a specific task or operation, often reusable throughout a program.
Firewall: A security measure that acts as a barrier between a computer network and external networks, controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
Framework: A software framework provides a foundation or structure for developing applications, offering pre-built libraries, tools, and reusable components to streamline development.
Flops: Floating Point Operations Per Second. It is a unit of measurement for computer performance, specifically the number of floating-point calculations a computer can perform in one second.
File Compression: The process of reducing the size of one or more files using compression algorithms, allowing for efficient storage, transmission, and archiving of data.
Firewall: A security measure that acts as a barrier between a computer network and external networks, controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
Font: A set of characters with a specific style, size, and appearance used for displaying text in documents, websites, and other graphical interfaces.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): A standard network protocol used to transfer files between a client and a server on a computer network.
Firewall: A network security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
Function Key: A key on a computer keyboard, usually labeled as “F1” to “F12,” that is programmed to perform specific functions within software applications or operating systems.
Formatting: The process of preparing a storage device, such as a hard drive or a memory card, for data storage by dividing it into sectors, setting up file systems, and erasing any existing data.
Fragmentation: The condition that occurs when files are divided into non-contiguous sections on a storage device, leading to reduced performance as the device takes longer to access and read fragmented files.
Freeware: Software that is available for use at no cost, typically with limited or no restrictions on redistribution or modification.
Function Overloading: A feature in programming languages that allows multiple functions with the same name but different parameter lists to perform different actions based on the provided arguments.
Firmware: Software that is permanently programmed onto a hardware device, such as a computer’s BIOS or a router’s operating system, to provide low-level control and functionality.
File System: The method and structure used by an operating system to manage and organize files on storage devices, including how files are named, stored, and accessed.
Front-End Development: The practice of creating the user interface and user experience of a software application or website, typically involving HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to design and implement the client-side components.
Full Duplex: A communication mode in which data can be transmitted and received simultaneously, allowing for bidirectional communication.
File Extension: The characters following the last dot in a file name, indicating the file’s format or type, such as .txt for text files, .jpg for image files, or .mp3 for audio files.
Fiber Optic Cable: A high-speed, high-capacity cable made of optically pure glass or plastic fibers, used to transmit data as pulses of light over long distances.
File Compression: The process of reducing the size of a file or a group of files, typically using algorithms and techniques that remove redundant or unnecessary data.
Firewall: A network security device or software that monitors and filters network traffic, protecting a network or a computer system from unauthorized access, malware, or other malicious activities.
GUI: Graphical User Interface. It refers to the visual interface that allows users to interact with software applications using graphical elements such as icons, windows, and menus.
Gigabyte (GB): A unit of digital information storage, approximately equal to one billion bytes. It is commonly used to measure the capacity of storage devices or the size of files.
GPU: Graphics Processing Unit. It is a specialized electronic circuit or chip designed to accelerate the rendering and display of images, videos, and animations on a computer or other devices.
Gaming Console: A dedicated device designed primarily for playing video games, typically connected to a television or monitor and equipped with specialized controllers.
Gigabit Ethernet: A network technology that supports data transmission rates of one gigabit per second (Gbps) over Ethernet cables, providing high-speed connectivity in local area networks (LANs).
GPS: Global Positioning System. It is a satellite-based navigation system that provides geolocation and time information to GPS receivers, enabling precise positioning and navigation.
GNU: GNU’s Not Unix. It is a free and open-source software project initiated by Richard Stallman, aiming to develop a complete Unix-like operating system composed entirely of free software.
Google Docs: A web-based suite of productivity tools offered by Google, including word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, and collaboration features, accessible from any device with internet access.
GUI: Graphical User Interface. It refers to the visual interface that allows users to interact with software applications using graphical elements such as icons, windows, and menus.
Git: A distributed version control system used for tracking changes in source code during software development, enabling collaboration, version management, and code sharing among developers.
Gateway: A network device that serves as an entry point or connection between different networks, allowing data to flow between them, often performing protocol translation or security functions.
Geolocation: The process of determining the geographic location of a device, such as a computer or smartphone, using various techniques, including GPS, IP address, or Wi-Fi signals.
GNU/Linux: A combination of the GNU operating system and the Linux kernel, forming a popular open-source operating system known for its stability, security, and flexibility.
Gbps: Gigabits per second. It is a unit of data transfer rate or bandwidth, representing one billion bits transmitted in one second.
Greyscale: A range of shades between black and white, often used to describe an image or display that uses shades of grey to represent different levels of brightness or intensity.
GUI Builder: A software tool or integrated development environment (IDE) that allows developers to visually create user interfaces for applications by dragging and dropping elements and defining their properties.
Groupware: Collaborative software or tools that enable multiple users to work together on shared tasks, documents, schedules, or projects, often including features such as messaging, file sharing, and shared calendars.
Hacker: A person with advanced computer skills who explores and exploits weaknesses in computer systems or networks, often for unauthorized access, malicious activities, or security testing.
HTML: Hypertext Markup Language. It is the standard markup language used for creating and structuring web pages and applications, defining the structure and content of web documents.
Hardware: The physical components of a computer system or device, including the processor, memory, storage devices, input/output devices, and peripherals.
HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the protocol used for transferring data over the internet, primarily for retrieving web pages and other resources from web servers.
HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. It is a secure version of HTTP that uses encryption protocols, such as SSL or TLS, to ensure secure communication between web servers and clients.
Hertz (Hz): A unit of frequency that measures the number of cycles per second in a periodic waveform, commonly used to measure processor speed, monitor refresh rate, or network bandwidth.
Hard Drive: A non-volatile storage device used for storing and retrieving digital data, consisting of rotating magnetic disks or solid-state memory.
HDMI: High-Definition Multimedia Interface. It is a digital interface used for transmitting audio and video signals between devices, such as computers, TVs, and projectors, with high-quality, uncompressed digital signals.
Hotspot: A physical location or area, often provided by a wireless access point or mobile device, where users can wirelessly connect to the internet or network.
Hashing: A process of converting data or information into a fixed-size numerical value (hash code) using a hash function, commonly used for data integrity checks, password storage, and data retrieval.
Hibernate: A power-saving state or mode in which a computer or device saves the current state to the hard drive and shuts down, allowing for quick startup and resumption of operations later.
HTML5: The fifth revision of the Hypertext Markup Language, introducing new elements, attributes, and functionality to enhance web page structure, multimedia support, and interactivity.
Hyperlink: A clickable element or text in a document or webpage that, when clicked, redirects the user to another location, such as a different webpage or a specific section within a document.
Hexadecimal: A number system that uses base-16 digits (0-9 and A-F) to represent values, commonly used in computing to represent binary numbers more concisely.
HTTP Cookie: A small piece of data stored on a user’s computer by a website, containing information such as user preferences, session data, or tracking information.
Hybrid Cloud: A computing environment that combines both private and public cloud infrastructure, allowing organizations to leverage the benefits of both while maintaining control over sensitive data.
High-Level Programming Language: A programming language that provides a higher level of abstraction from machine code, making it easier for humans to write, read, and understand code.
Hardware Acceleration: The use of specialized hardware components, such as graphics processing units (GPUs) or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), to offload and accelerate specific computing tasks.
Hex Code: A hexadecimal representation of color values used in digital graphics, web design, and programming, often expressed as a six-digit combination of numbers and letters.
Host: A computer or device connected to a network that provides services, resources, or data to other devices on the network, such as a web server or a file server.
HTTP Request: A message sent by a client (e.g., a web browser) to a server, requesting specific information or resources, such as a web page or a file.
Hybrid Drive: A storage device that combines the features of a traditional hard disk drive (HDD) and a solid-state drive (SSD) to provide a balance between storage capacity and performance.
Hyper-V: A virtualization platform developed by Microsoft that enables the creation and management of virtual machines on Windows-based operating systems.
Hot Swapping: The ability to replace or add hardware components to a computer or device while it is still running, without the need to shut down or restart the system.
Header: In computer science and networking, a header is a part of a data packet or message that contains information about the packet or message itself, such as its source, destination, or type.
HTML Editor: A software tool or application used to create, edit, and format HTML code, providing features such as syntax highlighting, code completion, and visual previews.
Hackathon: An event or competition in which programmers, designers, and other technology enthusiasts come together to collaborate and create innovative software projects within a limited timeframe.
Hardening: The process of implementing security measures and configurations to make a computer system or network more resistant to security threats, attacks, or unauthorized access.
Hardware Firewall: A dedicated hardware device that provides network security by filtering and controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules.
IP Address: Internet Protocol Address. It is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network, identifying its location and allowing communication between devices.
Internet: A global network of interconnected computer networks that allows for the exchange of information and communication through various services such as email, websites, and online applications.
Internet of Things (IoT): The network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, enabling them to collect and exchange data.
IT: Information Technology. It refers to the use, development, and management of computer systems, software, networks, and electronic data in various domains and industries.
Input: Data or information that is entered into a computer or a program for processing, which can be provided through devices such as keyboards, mice, or sensors.
Interface: The point of interaction between a user and a computer system, typically consisting of visual elements, controls, and menus that enable users to interact with software or hardware.
ISP: Internet Service Provider. It is a company or organization that provides internet access and related services to individuals, businesses, and other entities.
Icon: A small graphical representation or symbol used to represent a file, folder, application, or action on a computer screen, typically displayed as a clickable image.
IDE: Integrated Development Environment. It is a software suite or tool that combines various programming and development tools, such as code editors, compilers, and debuggers, into a unified interface.
Infrastructure: The underlying framework or physical components that support the operation of computer systems, networks, and services, including hardware, software, and network infrastructure.
Installation: The process of setting up and configuring software or hardware on a computer or device, typically involving running an installer program and following the installation steps.
Intranet: A private network that uses internet protocols and technologies within an organization, enabling internal communication, collaboration, and access to shared resources.
Iteration: In programming, the process of repeating a set of instructions or a code block multiple times, often using loops, to achieve a specific outcome or perform a repetitive task.
Encryption: The process of converting plain text or data into ciphertext using encryption algorithms and cryptographic keys, ensuring confidentiality and data security.
IDE: Integrated Development Environment. It is a software suite or tool that combines various programming and development tools, such as code editors, compilers, and debuggers, into a unified interface.
Interface: The point of interaction between a user and a computer system, typically consisting of visual elements, controls, and menus that enable users to interact with software or hardware.
IP Address: Internet Protocol Address. It is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network, identifying its location and allowing communication between devices.
Internet: A global network of interconnected computer networks that allows for the exchange of information and communication through various services such as email, websites, and online applications.
IoT: Internet of Things. The network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, enabling them to collect and exchange data.
IT: Information Technology. It refers to the use, development, and management of computer systems, software, networks, and electronic data in various domains and industries.
Input: Data or information that is entered into a computer or a program for processing, which can be provided through devices such as keyboards, mice, or sensors.
Icon: A small graphical representation or symbol used to represent a file, folder, application, or action on a computer screen, typically displayed as a clickable image.
ISP: Internet Service Provider. It is a company or organization that provides internet access and related services to individuals, businesses, and other entities.
IDE: Integrated Development Environment. It is a software suite or tool that combines various programming and development tools, such as code editors, compilers, and debuggers, into a unified interface.
Infrastructure: The underlying framework or physical components that support the operation of computer systems, networks, and services, including hardware, software, and network infrastructure.
Installation: The process of setting up and configuring software or hardware on a computer or device, typically involving running an installer program and following the installation steps.
Intranet: A private network that uses internet protocols and technologies within an organization, enabling internal communication, collaboration, and access to shared resources.
Iteration: In programming, the process of repeating a set of instructions or a code block multiple times, often using loops, to achieve a specific outcome or perform a repetitive task.
Input/Output (I/O): The process of exchanging data between a computer system and external devices, such as keyboards, mice, monitors, printers, and storage devices.
Interface: The point of interaction between a user and a computer system, typically consisting of visual elements, controls, and menus that enable users to interact with software or hardware.
Java: A popular high-level programming language known for its platform independence, used to develop a wide range of applications, including web and mobile applications.
JavaScript: A scripting language used primarily for web development, enabling interactive and dynamic functionality on webpages.
JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group. It is a widely used image file format that employs lossy compression to reduce file size while maintaining a good level of image quality.
JSON: JavaScript Object Notation. It is a lightweight data interchange format that is easy for humans to read and write and easy for machines to parse and generate.
JVM: Java Virtual Machine. It is an abstract machine that enables a computer to run Java bytecode, allowing Java programs to be executed on different platforms without recompilation.
Joystick: An input device consisting of a handheld stick or lever that can be moved in various directions, used for controlling movement or actions in games and simulations.
Jumper: A small connector or switch on a computer motherboard or peripheral device that can be configured to set specific hardware options or parameters.
JavaScript Frameworks: Pre-written JavaScript code libraries or frameworks that provide a foundation for building web applications, simplifying common tasks and enhancing development efficiency.
Junk Mail: Unsolicited or unwanted email messages, often sent in bulk, typically advertising products, services, or containing malicious content.
Java Applet: A small application written in Java and embedded within a web page, providing additional functionality or interactive features when accessed by users.
JPEG Compression: A method of compressing digital images using the JPEG format to reduce file size while balancing the trade-off between file size and image quality.
Java Servlet: A Java program that runs on a web server and handles requests from clients, generating dynamic web content and interacting with databases or other resources.
JavaScript Library: A collection of pre-written JavaScript code that provides reusable functions and utilities, simplifying common programming tasks and enhancing development productivity.
Just-in-Time (JIT) Compilation: A technique used by some programming languages and virtual machines to compile code into machine code at runtime, improving performance by eliminating the need for interpretation.
JavaFX: A Java-based platform for creating rich internet applications (RIAs) and cross-platform graphical user interfaces (GUIs), providing features for multimedia, animations, and visual effects.
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON): A lightweight data interchange format that is easy for humans to read and write and easy for machines to parse and generate.
Java Development Kit (JDK): A software development kit that includes tools, libraries, and documentation necessary for developing Java applications.
Java Virtual Machine (JVM): An abstract machine that enables a computer to run Java bytecode, allowing Java programs to be executed on different platforms without recompilation.
Java Server Pages (JSP): A technology that allows the creation of dynamic web pages using Java as the scripting language, often used in conjunction with Java Servlets.
Join: In database management systems, a join combines rows from two or more tables based on related columns, allowing data retrieval from multiple tables as a single result set.
JavaScript Framework: A pre-written collection of JavaScript code that provides a foundation for building web applications, simplifying common tasks and enhancing development efficiency.
Job Scheduler: A software tool or system that automates the scheduling and execution of jobs or tasks, allowing for the efficient management of recurring or time-sensitive processes.
Java Beans: A component technology in Java that provides a standard for creating reusable software components, enabling modular and extensible applications.
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC): A Java API that provides a standardized way for Java programs to interact with databases, allowing for database connectivity and query execution.
Java Native Interface (JNI): A programming framework that enables Java code to call and be called by native applications or libraries written in other programming languages.
Jitter: In computer networking, jitter refers to the variation in packet arrival time or delay, affecting the quality of real-time communication such as voice or video transmission.
Jump Instruction: In computer programming, a jump instruction transfers the program’s control to a different part of the program, allowing for conditional or unconditional branching.
Job Control Language (JCL): A scripting language used in mainframe computer systems to define and control batch jobs, specifying the sequence and parameters of job execution.
Just-in-Time (JIT) Compilation: A technique used by some programming languages and virtual machines to compile code into machine code at runtime, improving performance by eliminating the need for interpretation.
JPEG 2000: A wavelet-based image compression standard that provides improved image quality and compression efficiency compared to traditional JPEG.
Keyboard: A common input device consisting of a set of keys used for typing characters, issuing commands, and controlling computer functions.
Kernel: The core component of an operating system that manages system resources, controls hardware access, and provides essential services for other software components.
Keylogger: A type of software or hardware device that records keystrokes on a computer keyboard, often used for monitoring or capturing user activity, including passwords and sensitive information.
Kilobyte (KB): A unit of digital information storage, approximately equal to 1,024 bytes. It is commonly used to measure file sizes and storage capacities.
Kiosk: A self-service terminal or interactive display system used to provide information, services, or transactions to users in public spaces, such as airports, malls, or museums.
Kernel Panic: A critical error or fault in an operating system’s kernel that causes the system to halt or display an error message, often requiring a system restart.
Keyframe: In animation and video editing, a keyframe represents a specific point in time that defines a particular attribute or property of an object or element, allowing for smooth animation transitions.
Keywords: Reserved words or terms with special meaning in a programming language, used to define syntax, control flow, and functionality within the language.
Knowledge Base: A centralized database or repository of information, documentation, and frequently asked questions (FAQs), providing resources and support for users, employees, or customers.
Kernel Module: A software component that can be dynamically loaded into an operating system’s kernel, adding new functionality or device driver support without requiring a full system restart.
Keystore: A secure container or database used to store cryptographic keys, certificates, and other security credentials, often used in secure communication and authentication protocols.
Key Encryption Key (KEK): A cryptographic key used to encrypt and protect other encryption keys, ensuring their confidentiality and security.
Kernel Mode: Also known as privileged mode or supervisor mode, it is a mode of operation in which the operating system kernel has unrestricted access to system resources and can execute privileged instructions.
Kill Switch: A mechanism or feature that allows for the immediate shutdown or disabling of a device or system in emergency situations or to prevent unauthorized access or use.
K-nearest neighbors (KNN): A machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression, where an object is classified based on its proximity to the majority of its k nearest neighbors in a training dataset.
Kernel Panic: A critical error or fault in an operating system’s kernel that causes the system to halt or display an error message, often requiring a system restart.
Keyboard Shortcut: A combination of keys pressed together to perform a specific function or command quickly, bypassing the need for navigating through menus or using a mouse.
Key-Value Pair: A data structure that consists of a unique key and an associated value, often used in databases, dictionaries, and settings configurations.
Knowledge Management: The process of capturing, organizing, storing, and sharing knowledge and information within an organization, facilitating effective knowledge sharing and collaboration.
Keystroke Dynamics: The study and analysis of the unique typing patterns, rhythm, and characteristics of individuals based on their keyboard input, often used as a biometric authentication technique.
Kernel Mode: Also known as privileged mode or supervisor mode, it is a mode of operation in which the operating system kernel has unrestricted access to system resources and can execute privileged instructions.
Keylogger: A type of software or hardware device that records keystrokes on a computer keyboard, often used for monitoring or capturing user activity, including passwords and sensitive information.
Kubernetes: An open-source container orchestration platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications, facilitating efficient container deployment in a distributed environment.
Kernel Patch: A software update or modification to the core kernel of an operating system, typically released to address security vulnerabilities, fix bugs, or introduce new features.
Kerberos: A network authentication protocol that provides secure authentication for client-server applications by using symmetric key cryptography and trusted third-party authentication services.
Key Distribution Center (KDC): A component in the Kerberos authentication system that authenticates users and issues session tickets, facilitating secure communication between clients and servers.
Key Exchange: The process of securely sharing cryptographic keys between parties, typically used in secure communication protocols to establish a secure and encrypted connection.
Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM): A virtualization infrastructure in the Linux kernel that allows the host system to act as a hypervisor, enabling the creation and management of virtual machines.
Key Management: The processes, procedures, and policies involved in generating, storing, distributing, and revoking cryptographic keys used in encryption, authentication, and data security.
Keyframe Animation: An animation technique where keyframes, representing significant points in an animation sequence, are defined, and the computer interpolates or generates the in-between frames automatically.
LDAP: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. It is a protocol used for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over a network, commonly used for user authentication and directory services.
LTE: Long-Term Evolution. It is a standard for wireless communication and high-speed data transmission, commonly used for 4G mobile networks.
Logic Gate: A fundamental building block of digital circuits that performs logical operations, such as AND, OR, NOT, and XOR, based on Boolean algebra principles.
Legacy System: A computer system, software, or technology that is outdated or no longer widely used but still in operation due to dependencies, cost, or other constraints.
Link Aggregation: The process of combining multiple network links or ports into a single logical link, increasing bandwidth, redundancy, and load balancing capabilities.
LED: Light-Emitting Diode. It is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it, commonly used in displays, indicators, and lighting.
Lock Screen: The screen that appears when a device, such as a smartphone or computer, is locked or in a standby state, requiring a passcode, PIN, or biometric authentication to unlock.
Latency Optimization: The process of minimizing delays or latency in computer systems, networks, or applications to achieve faster response times and improved performance.
Localhost: A loopback network address commonly assigned to the network interface of a computer, representing itself or the local machine, often used for testing and development purposes.
Layer: In computer networking and the OSI model, a layer represents a specific level of abstraction or functionality within a network protocol stack, organizing and defining the communication process.
Live Streaming: The real-time transmission of audio or video content over the internet, allowing users to access and view the content as it is being delivered.
Lossless Compression: A data compression technique that reduces file size without losing any information or quality, allowing the original data to be perfectly reconstructed.
Latex: A typesetting system commonly used for the creation of technical and scientific documents, particularly in mathematics, physics, and computer science.
LUN: Logical Unit Number. It is a unique identifier assigned to a logical unit, typically a storage device or partition, in a storage area network (SAN).
Linux Distribution: A specific version or variant of the Linux operating system that includes the Linux kernel along with various software packages and tools, tailored for specific purposes or user preferences.
LAN: Local Area Network. It is a network that connects computers and devices within a limited geographical area, such as a home, office, or campus.
Laptop: A portable computer designed to be easily carried and used on the go, typically featuring a built-in keyboard, display, and battery.
LCD: Liquid Crystal Display. It is a flat-panel display technology that uses liquid crystals to produce images and text on screens, commonly used in computer monitors, TVs, and mobile devices.
Linux: A popular open-source operating system based on the Linux kernel, known for its stability, security, and flexibility, used in a wide range of devices and server environments.
Link: A connection or reference that allows navigation between different web pages, documents, or resources on the internet.
Login: The process of identifying oneself to a computer system or online service by providing valid credentials, such as a username and password, to gain access.
Latency: The time delay between the sending of a data packet and its receipt or processing, often measured in milliseconds, influencing the responsiveness and performance of network connections.
LAN Cable: A type of network cable, commonly Ethernet cables, used to connect devices within a local area network (LAN) to enable data transmission.
Load Balancing: The distribution of workloads or network traffic across multiple servers or resources to optimize performance, improve reliability, and prevent overload.
Loop: In programming, a loop is a control structure that repeatedly executes a block of code based on a condition, allowing for repetitive tasks or iterative operations.
Lossless Compression: A data compression technique that reduces file size without losing any information or quality, allowing the original data to be perfectly reconstructed.
Lossy Compression: A data compression technique that reduces file size by discarding some information deemed less significant, resulting in a small loss of quality when the data is reconstructed.
Linker: A software tool or program that combines multiple object files or libraries into a single executable file, resolving references and dependencies between modules.
Logical Operator: In programming and Boolean algebra, logical operators are used to perform logical operations between two or more logical values, such as AND, OR, and NOT.
Library: In programming, a library is a collection of precompiled code modules or functions that can be used by software programs to perform specific tasks or provide specific functionality.
Motherboard: The main circuit board of a computer system that houses essential components such as the processor, memory, and connectors for other peripherals.
Mouse: A pointing device that allows users to move a cursor on a computer screen and select or interact with objects through clicks and other gestures.
Memory: The electronic storage area used by a computer to store data, instructions, and information temporarily or permanently.
Monitor: A visual output device that displays text, images, and video output from a computer, typically in the form of a screen or display panel.
Megabyte (MB): A unit of digital information storage, approximately equal to 1,048,576 bytes or 1,024 kilobytes.
Modem: A device that allows computers to transmit and receive data over communication channels such as telephone lines or cable connections.
Malware: Malicious software designed to infiltrate, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems, including viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and spyware.
Multitasking: The ability of an operating system or computer system to run multiple tasks or programs simultaneously, allowing users to switch between them and perform tasks concurrently.
Metadata: Data that provides information about other data, such as file attributes, timestamps, authorship, and other descriptive details used for organization and management purposes.
Microprocessor: A central processing unit (CPU) that incorporates the functions of a computer’s logic, control, and arithmetic operations on a single integrated circuit.
Modulation: The process of modifying a carrier signal, such as radio waves or electrical signals, to transmit information, allowing data to be sent and received over various communication channels.
Markup Language: A system of annotations or tags used to define the structure, formatting, and presentation of text and other media in documents, such as HTML, XML, and Markdown.
Megapixel: A unit of image resolution that represents one million pixels, often used to measure the resolution of digital cameras, displays, and images.
Mobile Computing: The use of portable computing devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops, for accessing information, applications, and services while on the move.
MAC Address: Media Access Control Address. It is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) or network device, used for identifying devices on a network at the data link layer.
Malware: Malicious software designed to infiltrate, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems, including viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and spyware.
Metadata: Data that provides information about other data, such as file attributes, timestamps, authorship, and other descriptive details used for organization and management purposes.
Multitasking: The ability of an operating system or computer system to run multiple tasks or programs simultaneously, allowing users to switch between them and perform tasks concurrently.
Microprocessor: A central processing unit (CPU) that incorporates the functions of a computer’s logic, control, and arithmetic operations on a single integrated circuit.
Modulation: The process of modifying a carrier signal, such as radio waves or electrical signals, to transmit information, allowing data to be sent and received over various communication channels.
Markup Language: A system of annotations or tags used to define the structure, formatting, and presentation of text and other media in documents, such as HTML, XML, and Markdown.
Megapixel: A unit of image resolution that represents one million pixels, often used to measure the resolution of digital cameras, displays, and images.
Mobile Computing: The use of portable computing devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops, for accessing information, applications, and services while on the move.
MAC Address: Media Access Control Address. It is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) or network device, used for identifying devices on a network at the data link layer.
Mail Server: A server responsible for sending, receiving, and storing email messages, facilitating email communication between users or domains.
Megahertz (MHz): A unit of frequency equal to one million hertz, commonly used to measure the clock speed of processors and the frequency of signals in computer systems.
Memory Leak: A phenomenon where a computer program or system fails to release allocated memory after it is no longer needed, leading to memory consumption and potential performance issues.
Multimedia: Content that integrates various forms of media, such as text, images, audio, video, and animations, providing a rich and interactive user experience.
Motherboard: The main circuit board of a computer system that houses essential components such as the processor, memory, and connectors for other peripherals.
Mouse: A pointing device that allows users to move a cursor on a computer screen and select or interact with objects through clicks and other gestures.
Network: A collection of computers, devices, or systems connected together to share resources, communicate, and exchange data.
Node: In network terminology, a node refers to a device or point within a network, such as a computer, server, or network switch.
NAND Flash: A type of non-volatile memory commonly used in solid-state drives (SSDs), USB flash drives, and memory cards for data storage.
Namespace: A container or logical partitioning mechanism used to organize and group related entities, such as files, variables, or classes, in software development and file systems.
NAT: Network Address Translation. It is a technique used to remap IP addresses and ports between different networks, enabling multiple devices to share a single IP address.
NIC: Network Interface Card. It is a hardware component that provides the physical interface for connecting a computer or device to a network.
Non-volatile Memory: Computer memory that retains data even when the power is turned off, such as flash memory, hard disk drives (HDDs), and solid-state drives (SSDs).
Notification: A message or alert displayed on a computer or device to inform the user about events, updates, or other relevant information.
Null: A value that indicates the absence or lack of data. It is often used to represent an empty or uninitialized variable in programming.
Numerical Analysis: A branch of computer science and mathematics that focuses on developing algorithms and methods for solving numerical problems, such as mathematical modeling or simulation.
Network Protocol: A set of rules and conventions that govern the communication and exchange of data between devices and systems within a network.
Namespace Collision: A situation that occurs when two or more entities, such as variables, functions, or files, have the same name within a specific namespace, leading to conflicts or ambiguity.
Notebook: A portable computing device similar to a laptop, typically smaller in size and with reduced processing power, often used for note-taking or basic tasks.
Native Application: A software application developed specifically for a particular operating system or platform, taking advantage of the system’s capabilities and providing optimal performance.
Neural Network: A type of artificial intelligence model inspired by the structure and function of biological neural networks, used for pattern recognition, data analysis, and machine learning.
Namespace: A container or logical partitioning mechanism used to organize and group related entities, such as files, variables, or classes, in software development and file systems.
NAT: Network Address Translation. It is a technique used to remap IP addresses and ports between different networks, enabling multiple devices to share a single IP address.
Node: In network terminology, a node refers to a device or point within a network, such as a computer, server, or network switch.
Non-volatile Memory: Computer memory that retains data even when the power is turned off, such as flash memory, hard disk drives (HDDs), and solid-state drives (SSDs).
Notification: A message or alert displayed on a computer or device to inform the user about events, updates, or other relevant information.
Null: A value that indicates the absence or lack of data. It is often used to represent an empty or uninitialized variable in programming.
Numerical Analysis: A branch of computer science and mathematics that focuses on developing algorithms and methods for solving numerical problems, such as mathematical modeling or simulation.
Network Protocol: A set of rules and conventions that govern the communication and exchange of data between devices and systems within a network.
Network Security: The practice of implementing measures and strategies to protect computer networks and data from unauthorized access, attacks, or vulnerabilities.
Network Topology: The arrangement or structure of a computer network, describing how devices and systems are connected and organized, such as bus, star, or mesh topologies.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): A field of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language, facilitating tasks such as speech recognition and language translation.
Notebook: A portable computing device similar to a laptop, typically smaller in size and with reduced processing power, often used for note-taking or basic tasks.
Null Pointer: A specific value or reference in programming languages that points to no memory location or object, typically used to indicate the absence of a valid value or reference.
Network Attached Storage (NAS): A file-level storage device or system that provides centralized data storage and access to multiple clients or devices over a network.
N-tier Architecture: A software architecture or design pattern that divides an application into multiple logical layers or tiers, such as presentation, business logic, and data storage, providing scalability, modularity, and maintainability.
Operating System: The software that manages computer hardware and software resources, provides common services, and allows users to interact with the computer.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): A programming paradigm that organizes software design around objects, which are instances of classes containing data and methods.
Open Source: A software development model that promotes free access to the source code, allowing users to view, modify, and distribute the software.
Optical Drive: A storage device that uses laser technology to read and write data from optical discs, such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.
Output: Data or information produced or generated by a computer system, which can be displayed, printed, or transmitted to other devices or systems.
Overflow: A condition that occurs when a value or calculation exceeds the maximum limit or range that can be stored or represented by a data type or register.
Overclocking: The practice of running a computer component, such as a processor or graphics card, at a higher clock speed than its rated frequency, to achieve better performance.
Object: In programming, an object is an instance of a class, representing a specific entity with its own attributes (data) and behaviors (methods).
ODBC: Open Database Connectivity. It is a standard application programming interface (API) for accessing databases, allowing programs to interact with various database management systems.
Object File: A file format that contains compiled code or executable instructions generated from source code files, often used as an intermediate step in the software development process.
OAuth: An open standard for authorization that allows users to grant third-party applications limited access to their resources, without sharing their passwords.
Opcode: Short for “operation code,” it is a code or instruction in machine language that represents a specific operation or action to be performed by a processor.
Overwrite: The process of replacing existing data with new data in a storage location or file, typically resulting in the loss of the original data.
OCR: Optical Character Recognition. It is a technology that converts scanned or printed text into machine-readable text, allowing computers to recognize and process the text.
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD): A methodology for software development that focuses on understanding the requirements, modeling the system, and designing software components using object-oriented principles.
Operating System: The software that manages computer hardware and software resources, provides common services, and allows users to interact with the computer.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): A programming paradigm that organizes software design around objects, which are instances of classes containing data and methods.
Open Source: A software development model that promotes free access to the source code, allowing users to view, modify, and distribute the software.
Optical Drive: A storage device that uses laser technology to read and write data from optical discs, such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.
Output: Data or information produced or generated by a computer system, which can be displayed, printed, or transmitted to other devices or systems.
Overflow: A condition that occurs when a value or calculation exceeds the maximum limit or range that can be stored or represented by a data type or register.
Overclocking: The practice of running a computer component, such as a processor or graphics card, at a higher clock speed than its rated frequency, to achieve better performance.
Object: In programming, an object is an instance of a class, representing a specific entity with its own attributes (data) and behaviors (methods).
ODBC: Open Database Connectivity. It is a standard application programming interface (API) for accessing databases, allowing programs to interact with various database management systems.
Object File: A file format that contains compiled code or executable instructions generated from source code files, often used as an intermediate step in the software development process.
OAuth: An open standard for authorization that allows users to grant third-party applications limited access to their resources, without sharing their passwords.
Opcode: Short for “operation code,” it is a code or instruction in machine language that represents a specific operation or action to be performed by a processor.
Overwrite: The process of replacing existing data with new data in a storage location or file, typically resulting in the loss of the original data.
OCR: Optical Character Recognition. It is a technology that converts scanned or printed text into machine-readable text, allowing computers to recognize and process the text.
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD): A methodology for software development that focuses on understanding the requirements, modeling the system, and designing software components using object-oriented principles.
Processor: Also known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU), it is the primary component of a computer responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.
Programming: The process of writing, testing, and maintaining sets of instructions (code) that enable computers to perform specific tasks or functions.
Protocol: A set of rules and procedures that govern the communication and data exchange between devices or systems in a network.
Password: A secret combination of characters used to authenticate and gain access to a computer system, online service, or protected resource.
Pixel: Short for “picture element,” it is the smallest unit of a digital image or display, representing a single point of color or light.
Plug and Play: A technology that allows devices to be connected to a computer or system without requiring manual configuration, allowing for automatic detection and installation.
Peripheral: A device or component connected to a computer system that provides input, output, or auxiliary functionality, such as keyboards, printers, and scanners.
PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. It is a popular open-source server-side scripting language used for web development and dynamic content generation.
Program: A collection of instructions or code written in a programming language to perform a specific task or set of tasks on a computer.
Packet: A unit of data transmitted over a network, often containing information such as source and destination addresses, control flags, and payload.
Python: A popular high-level programming language known for its simplicity, readability, and versatility, used for web development, data analysis, and artificial intelligence.
Patch: A software update or fix released to address bugs, security vulnerabilities, or improve functionality in an existing program or operating system.
Proxy Server: A server that acts as an intermediary between a client and a target server, allowing clients to make indirect network connections, enhance security, and improve performance.
Plug-in: A software component that adds specific features or functionality to an existing application or web browser, extending its capabilities.
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): A system of cryptographic technologies, protocols, and services used to establish and manage digital certificates, enabling secure communication and authentication.
Primary Key: In a relational database, a primary key is a unique identifier for each record or row in a table, used for data integrity and to establish relationships between tables.
Parallel Processing: The simultaneous execution of multiple tasks or instructions by dividing them into smaller subtasks, typically performed by multiple processors or processor cores.
Port: In networking, a port refers to a specific endpoint or connection on a computer or device, identified by a number, allowing data to be sent to or received from specific applications or services.
Patch Cable: A short Ethernet cable used to connect networking devices, such as computers, switches, and routers, facilitating local area network (LAN) connections.
Password Hashing: A process that converts a plain-text password into a fixed-length string of characters, typically using a one-way cryptographic algorithm, enhancing password security.
Phishing: A cyber attack method that uses deceptive emails, websites, or messages to trick users into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords or financial details.
Print Queue: A list or sequence of print jobs waiting to be processed or sent to a printer for output, allowing for job prioritization and management.
Power Supply Unit (PSU): A device that converts electrical power from an outlet into the correct voltage and current required by a computer or electronic device.
Privacy Policy: A statement or document that outlines how an organization collects, uses, stores, and protects the personal information of individuals using their services or websites.
Penetration Testing: A security assessment technique that simulates real-world attacks on computer systems, networks, or applications to identify vulnerabilities and weaknesses.
Query: A request for information or data retrieval from a database or search engine, often written using a specific query language.
Queue: A data structure that follows the First-In-First-Out (FIFO) principle, where the first item inserted is the first to be removed, commonly used for managing tasks or data waiting to be processed.
QWERTY: A keyboard layout commonly used in English-speaking countries, named after the arrangement of the first six letters in the top-left row of letters on the keyboard.
QuickTime: A multimedia framework and file format developed by Apple that allows for the playback of audio and video files on various platforms.
Qubit: The fundamental unit of quantum information, analogous to a bit in classical computing, but representing a quantum state that can exist in superposition or entanglement.
QR Code: Quick Response Code. It is a two-dimensional barcode that can be scanned using a smartphone or QR code reader to quickly access information or URLs.
Query Language: A specialized language used to communicate with and retrieve data from databases, such as SQL (Structured Query Language).
Quantum Computing: A field of computing that utilizes principles of quantum mechanics to perform complex calculations and solve problems more efficiently than classical computers.
QoS: Quality of Service. It refers to the ability of a network or system to provide a reliable, predictable, and consistent level of service for specific types of traffic or applications.
Quad-core: A processor or computer system that contains four separate processing cores, allowing for parallel processing and improved multitasking capabilities.
Quantum Encryption: A cryptographic technique that leverages principles of quantum mechanics, such as quantum entanglement, to ensure secure communication and data encryption.
Query Optimization: The process of optimizing database queries to improve their efficiency and performance, often involving techniques such as indexing, caching, and query rewriting.
Quick Launch: A feature in Windows operating systems that provides a convenient toolbar or area for quickly accessing frequently used applications or shortcuts.
Quick Format: A method of formatting storage media that erases the file system metadata and initializes the disk for use, but does not perform a thorough data erasure.
Quiet Mode: A setting or feature in software or hardware that reduces or suppresses noise, vibrations, or alerts to provide a quieter or less disruptive user experience.
RAM: Random Access Memory. It is the computer’s primary volatile memory used to store data and instructions temporarily while the system is running.
ROM: Read-Only Memory. It is a type of non-volatile memory that stores permanent data and instructions that cannot be modified or erased.
RAID: Redundant Array of Independent Disks. It is a data storage technology that combines multiple disk drives into a single logical unit for improved performance, reliability, or both.
Router: A networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks, allowing multiple devices to connect and communicate with each other.
Remote Access: The ability to access and control a computer or network from a remote location, typically over a network connection, using remote desktop or VPN technologies.
Registry: In Windows operating systems, the registry is a hierarchical database that stores configuration settings, options, and information about installed applications, system components, and user preferences.
Recursion: A programming technique where a function calls itself during its execution, often used for solving complex problems by breaking them down into smaller, repetitive subproblems.
Resolution: In the context of displays and images, resolution refers to the number of pixels contained in a display or image, representing its level of detail and clarity.
Router: A networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks, allowing multiple devices to connect and communicate with each other.
Root: In the context of file systems and directory structures, the root is the highest-level directory that serves as the parent directory for all other directories and files.
Runtime: The period during which a program or application is executing or running on a computer system, starting from its launch until its termination.
Responsive Design: A design approach for websites and applications that ensures their optimal display and functionality across different devices and screen sizes.
RAID: Redundant Array of Independent Disks. It is a data storage technology that combines multiple disk drives into a single logical unit for improved performance, reliability, or both.
Rootkit: A type of malicious software that provides unauthorized access and control over a computer system, often used to hide other malicious activities or malware.
Software: Programs and instructions that tell a computer how to perform specific tasks or functions, including applications, operating systems, and utilities.
System: Refers to a combination of hardware, software, and firmware that work together to perform specific tasks or functions.
Server: A computer or device that provides services or resources to other computers or devices on a network, such as file storage, web hosting, or database management.
Storage: The process of saving or retaining data and information on computer systems or devices, using various media such as hard drives, solid-state drives, or cloud storage.
Security: Measures and protocols implemented to protect computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access, threats, and vulnerabilities.
Spreadsheet: A software application used to organize, analyze, and manipulate numerical data in rows and columns, commonly used for financial calculations and data analysis.
SQL: Structured Query Language. It is a programming language used for managing and manipulating relational databases, including querying, updating, and managing data.
Software Development: The process of creating, designing, and programming software applications or systems, including activities such as coding, testing, and maintenance.
Scanner: A device used to convert physical documents or images into digital format, allowing them to be stored, manipulated, or transmitted electronically.
Search Engine: A software system that allows users to search for information on the World Wide Web by entering keywords or phrases, providing a list of relevant web pages or resources.
Social Media: Online platforms and websites that enable users to create, share, and interact with content, fostering social connections and communication.
Spam: Unsolicited or unwanted email messages sent in bulk, often for advertising or phishing purposes, typically considered a nuisance or security risk.
SSL/TLS: Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security. Protocols that provide secure communication and encryption between web servers and clients, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of data transmitted over the internet.
Syntax: The set of rules and conventions that govern the structure and composition of programming languages, defining how statements and expressions should be written and interpreted.
Software Update: A release of improved or updated versions of software, including bug fixes, feature enhancements, and security patches, often provided to users to improve stability and functionality.
TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is a set of protocols that enables communication and data exchange between devices on the internet.
Terabyte: A unit of digital storage equal to approximately one trillion bytes or 1,024 gigabytes.
Trojan Horse: A type of malicious software that disguises itself as legitimate software but contains harmful code or provides unauthorized access to a computer system.
Thumbnail: A small-sized version or preview image that represents a larger image or document, often used for quick identification and browsing.
Token Ring: A local area network (LAN) technology in which devices are connected in a ring-like topology, with data transmission controlled by passing a token among devices.
Touchscreen: A display screen that can sense touch input from a user’s fingers or stylus, allowing for direct interaction and control of the displayed content.
Teraflop: A unit of computing speed equal to one trillion floating-point operations per second, often used to measure the performance of supercomputers and high-performance computing systems.
Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): A security measure that requires users to provide two forms of identification or verification, typically a password or PIN and a unique code or token, to access a system or account.
Tabbed Interface: A graphical user interface (GUI) design that allows users to have multiple documents or web pages open within a single window, each displayed as a separate tab.
Trackpad: A touch-sensitive surface on laptops or portable devices that allows users to control the cursor and perform various functions using finger movements and gestures.
Task Manager: A system utility in operating systems, such as Windows, that provides information about running processes, system performance, and allows users to monitor and control applications and services.
Termination: The process of ending or closing a computer program, process, or network connection in an orderly manner.
Thread: A sequence of instructions that can be executed independently by a processor, allowing for concurrent execution and multitasking within a program or application.
Transistor: A semiconductor device used in electronic circuits to amplify or switch electronic signals and control the flow of electric current.
Tiling Window Manager: A window management system that organizes application windows into non-overlapping, usually rectangular tiles, enabling efficient use of screen space and window management.
USB: Universal Serial Bus. It is a common interface standard used for connecting devices to computers, such as external storage drives, keyboards, mice, and printers.
URL: Uniform Resource Locator. It is the address or location that specifies the location of a resource on the internet, such as a web page, file, or image.
Unicode: A character encoding standard that assigns unique numerical codes to characters from different writing systems, allowing for consistent representation and exchange of text across different platforms and languages.
User Interface (UI): The visual and interactive elements of a software application or system through which users interact and communicate with the computer, including menus, buttons, and graphical controls.
Upload: The process of transferring data, files, or resources from a local computer or device to a remote server or network location.
Uptime: The duration of time that a computer system, network, or service remains operational and available for use without interruption or failure.
UDP: User Datagram Protocol. It is a connectionless protocol in the Internet Protocol suite, providing a lightweight and fast method for data transmission without error checking or guaranteed delivery.
Uninstall: The process of removing or deleting a software application or program from a computer or device, typically performed through an uninstallation utility or control panel.
User Account: An account or profile created for an individual user on a computer or system, containing personalized settings, permissions, and access rights.
URL Encoding: The process of converting special characters or reserved symbols within a URL into a standardized format that can be transmitted and interpreted correctly by web browsers and servers.
UPS: Uninterruptible Power Supply. It is a device that provides battery backup power to computers, servers, or other electrical equipment in case of power outages or fluctuations, allowing for safe shutdowns or continued operation.
Unix: A multi-user, multitasking operating system originally developed in the 1970s, known for its stability, security, and scalability, and serving as the foundation for many other operating systems.
User Experience (UX): The overall experience and interaction a user has with a software application, website, or system, encompassing usability, accessibility, and satisfaction.
Uncompressed: Refers to data or files that have not been compressed or encoded to reduce their size, often resulting in larger file sizes but preserving the original quality or integrity.
URL Shortener: A service or tool that converts long or complex URLs into shorter, more manageable links, often used for sharing links in social media or reducing character count in messages.
Virus: A type of malicious software that can replicate itself and infect computer systems, often causing damage to files, software, or the overall system.
Virtual Reality (VR): A computer-generated simulation or environment that can be experienced and interacted with using specialized hardware, such as VR headsets, to create an immersive and interactive experience.
VPN: Virtual Private Network. It is a secure and encrypted connection that allows users to access a private network over a public network, providing privacy and security for data transmission.
Voice Recognition: The technology that enables computers or devices to recognize and interpret spoken words or commands, allowing for voice-controlled interfaces and interactions.
Vulnerability: A weakness or flaw in a computer system, software, or network that can be exploited by attackers or malware to gain unauthorized access, perform malicious actions, or cause system disruptions.
Validation: The process of checking and verifying the accuracy, integrity, and compliance of data, inputs, or operations against predefined rules, standards, or criteria.
Virtual Machine (VM): A software emulation of a computer system that allows multiple operating systems or applications to run simultaneously on a single physical machine, providing isolation and flexibility.
Version Control: The management of changes to software code or files over time, allowing developers to track, collaborate, and revert to previous versions, often using version control systems like Git.
VGA: Video Graphics Array. It is a display standard used for connecting computer monitors or displays, transmitting analog video signals, and supporting various screen resolutions.
Virus Definition: A database or file containing information about known viruses and malware, used by antivirus software to detect, identify, and remove threats from computer systems.
Vector Graphics: Graphics that are defined by mathematical equations, using lines, curves, and shapes, allowing for scalability without loss of quality, commonly used for logos, illustrations, and print media.
VoIP: Voice over Internet Protocol. It is a technology that allows voice communication over the internet, converting analog audio signals into digital data packets for transmission.
Virtualization: The process of creating virtual versions of hardware, operating systems, or applications, allowing for resource sharing, consolidation, and efficient use of computer resources.
Volume: In computer storage, a volume refers to a storage space or partition on a physical or virtual disk that is formatted and managed as a separate entity, often assigned a drive letter or mount point.
Video Encoding: The process of converting video files from one format to another using compression techniques to reduce file size, often balancing between video quality and file size.
Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity. It refers to a wireless networking technology that allows devices to connect to the internet or communicate with each other wirelessly over radio frequencies.
Web Browser: A software application used to access, navigate, and view websites and web pages on the internet, such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Microsoft Edge.
Website: A collection of web pages, multimedia content, and related resources that are accessible through a specific domain or URL, typically hosted on a web server.
Windows: An operating system developed by Microsoft, commonly used on personal computers, providing a graphical user interface (GUI) and a wide range of software applications.
Word Processing: The creation, editing, and formatting of text documents using specialized software, such as Microsoft Word or Google Docs.
Web Server: A computer or software that stores and delivers web pages and other web content to client devices upon request, enabling websites to be accessed over the internet.
Wireless: Refers to the transmission of data or communication signals without the need for physical cables or wires, often using radio waves or infrared technology.
WAN: Wide Area Network. It is a network that covers a large geographical area, connecting multiple local area networks (LANs) or other networks, often using leased lines or internet connections.
WYSIWYG: What You See Is What You Get. It refers to a software or user interface that allows users to view and edit content in a manner that closely resembles its appearance when printed or displayed.
Web Hosting: The service of providing storage space and resources on a server to host websites and make them accessible over the internet.
Widget: A small graphical or interactive element displayed on a website or desktop, providing specific functionality or information, such as a weather widget or a calendar widget.
Wearable Technology: Electronic devices or technologies that can be worn on the body, such as smartwatches or fitness trackers, often providing features like health monitoring or communication capabilities.
WEP: Wired Equivalent Privacy. It is an older wireless security protocol used to secure Wi-Fi networks, but it is now considered relatively weak and susceptible to hacking.
White Hat: A term used to describe ethical or lawful computer security experts who help organizations identify and address vulnerabilities and protect against cyber threats.
Word Wrap: A feature in word processing applications that automatically moves words to the next line when they reach the edge of the visible area, ensuring text remains readable and formatted.
XML: Extensible Markup Language. It is a markup language used for structuring and storing data in a human-readable and machine-readable format, often used for data exchange between applications.
X86: A family of computer instruction set architectures based on the Intel 8086 microprocessor, widely used in personal computers and servers.
XSS: Cross-Site Scripting. It is a type of security vulnerability where malicious code is injected into a website or web application, allowing attackers to execute scripts in the victim’s browser.
XOR: Exclusive OR. It is a logical operation that outputs true only when the number of true inputs is odd, often used in computer programming and encryption algorithms.
XSL: Extensible Stylesheet Language. It is a language used for transforming XML documents into different formats, such as HTML, PDF, or plain text.
XAML: Extensible Application Markup Language. It is a markup language used by Microsoft’s WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation) for defining user interfaces in applications.
XSD: XML Schema Definition. It is a language used to describe the structure and validation rules of XML documents, providing a way to define and enforce the expected structure and data types.
Xbox: A popular video game console developed by Microsoft, known for its gaming capabilities, online services, and multimedia features.
Xen: A hypervisor-based open-source virtualization technology that allows multiple operating systems to run concurrently on a single physical machine.
XGA: Extended Graphics Array. It is a display resolution standard commonly used for computer monitors, providing a resolution of 1024×768 pixels.
XHR: XMLHttpRequest. It is an API in web programming that allows web browsers to send HTTP requests to a server and receive responses, enabling dynamic content loading and asynchronous communication.
X.509: A widely used standard for digital certificates, defining the format and structure for public key certificates used in secure communication and authentication.
XSLT: Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations. It is a language used to transform XML documents into different structures or formats, often used for XML data manipulation and conversion.
XSS: Cross-Site Scripting. It is a type of security vulnerability where malicious code is injected into a website or web application, allowing attackers to execute scripts in the victim’s browser.
XOR: Exclusive OR. It is a logical operation that outputs true only when the number of true inputs is odd, often used in computer programming and encryption algorithms.
YAML: YAML Ain’t Markup Language. It is a human-readable data serialization format used for configuration files and data exchange between programming languages.
YouTube: A popular video-sharing platform owned by Google, allowing users to upload, view, and share videos online.
Yield: In programming, yield is a keyword or function used to temporarily pause the execution of a program or function and return a value or control to the calling code.
Yottabyte: A unit of digital storage equal to approximately one septillion (10^24) bytes.
Y2K: Year 2000. It refers to the Y2K bug, a computer programming issue that was anticipated to cause problems when the year 2000 rolled over from 1999, due to date representations using only two digits.
Yellow Screen of Death: Similar to the Blue Screen of Death (BSOD), it refers to an error screen displayed in the .NET framework when a serious error occurs in an ASP.NET application.
YUV: A color space used for representing digital video or images, consisting of three components: Y (luma or brightness), U (blue-luma or color difference), and V (red-luma or color difference).
Yoctosecond: A unit of time equal to one septillionth (10^-24) of a second, used in scientific calculations and discussions involving extremely small time intervals.
Yottaflop: A unit of computing speed equal to one septillion (10^24) floating-point operations per second, often used to measure the processing power of supercomputers.
YUV: A color space used for representing digital video or images, consisting of three components: Y (luma or brightness), U (blue-luma or color difference), and V (red-luma or color difference).
Zip: A file compression and archiving format that reduces the size of files and folders, making them easier to store, send, or share.
Zero-Day: Refers to a software vulnerability or security flaw that is unknown to software developers and for which no official patch or fix is available, making it potentially exploitable by attackers.
Zombie: In the context of computer security, a zombie refers to a compromised computer or device that has been infected with malware and is under the control of a remote attacker, often used for malicious activities without the user’s knowledge.
Zettabyte: A unit of digital storage equal to approximately one sextillion (10^21) bytes.
Z-Wave: A wireless communication protocol used primarily for home automation systems, allowing devices to communicate with each other and be controlled remotely.
Zero Configuration: A network or system setup approach that requires little to no manual configuration, allowing devices to automatically discover and connect to each other without user intervention.
Zigbee: A low-power wireless communication protocol commonly used in smart home devices, sensors, and industrial applications to enable wireless connectivity and data transfer.
Zoom: A popular video conferencing and communication platform that allows users to participate in virtual meetings, webinars, and online events.
Z-buffer: A data structure used in computer graphics to store depth information about objects in a 3D scene, enabling the rendering of objects in the correct order based on their distance from the viewer.
Z shell (Zsh): A command-line shell or Unix shell that provides an enhanced interactive environment with advanced features, configuration options, and command-line completion capabilities.
