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Introduction Of Operating System

Operating System

An operating system (OS) is software that controls computer hardware and software resources. it provides an interface between users and devices. It provides a base for applications to run. It controls memory and file systems, and provides communication between software and hardware devices, allowing fast computing activities.

CCC Chapter - 2 Operating System OCS- windows logo

Functions Of Operating System

  • Process Management

    planning and performing activities or programs for the effective use of CPU resources.

  • Memory Management

    The process of providing and non-providing memory for tasks in order to memory use.

  • File System Administration

    Structure and access to folders and files on storage devices.

  • Device Management

    Controlling and connecting with physical devices like printers and keyboards.

  • User Interface

    Allowing users to connect with the computer system with graphical or command line applications.

Types Of Operating System

There are many different kinds of operating systems. Here are some examples:

  • Single-User, Single-Tasking OS

    OS allows a single user to do a single job at a time without any need for multitasking. Users do actions in sequence, as was common in MS-DOS.

  • Single-User, Multi-Tasking OS

    A single user performs things sequentially instead of multitasking. This is how early operating systems, such as MS-DOS, functioned.

  • Multi-User, Single-Tasking OS

    tasks run sequentially instead of multitasking. This was how early operating systems, such as MS-DOS, functioned.

  • Real-Time Operating System

    A Real-Time Operating System has been created for time-sensitive applications that demand quick response to events. Performance with low latency is commonly used in industrial control, machines, and aerospace.

  • Distributed operating system

    Distributed operating systems function as a single system on computers that are connected, providing resource sharing, load balancing, fault tolerance, and growth. Examples are Amoeba and distributed UNIX.

Operating System For Desktop & Laptop

  • Windows

    Microsoft developed the Windows operating system, which is a popular platform known for its simple design and vast hardware and software support. With various versions suited to various user needs, Windows provides a comfortable computer environment for both home and business use.

  • macOS

    The operating system macOS, developed by Apple Inc., is famous for its attractive design, ease of use with Apple products, and focus on the user experience. Known for stability and effectiveness, macOS provides a wide range of creative and productivity abilities suited for beginners as well as professionals.and use in business.

  • Linux

    Linux, which is famous for its ease of use, consistency, and security, provides a flexible environment that is perfect for developers, and companies. Linux gives users freedom to a wide collection of free and open-source software, and their active community gives innovation in the software field.

  • Chrome OS

    Google developed Chrome OS, which is a lightweight operating system designed mainly for Chromebook devices. It relies on the Chrome browser, which gives users a safe working environment that focuses on online apps and services. Chrome OS, which is well-known for its simplicity and speed, is perfect for businesses, educational institutions, and casual customers because of its fast boot times and automatic updates.

  • MS-DOS

    In the 1980s and early 1990s, personal computers worked on the Microsoft Disk Operating System, or MS-DOS as it was commonly known for its command-line interface, MS-DOS gave users text-based commands that directly managed the activities of the system. For early PC users, its ease of use made it a popular option for managing files, running programs, and managing the hardware.

  • UBUNTU

    Ubuntu is a famous Linux OS that is known for its open-source values, community-driven development, and user-friendly interface. It gives an easy workflow for beginners as well as experts with its flexible desktop, server, and cloud computing modes.

Operating System For Mobile & Tablets

  • Android

    Google developed the Android mobile operating system that operates a wide range of smartphones, tablets, and other devices. It gives users an easy-to-use interface, fast service and the ability to download millions of apps from the Google Play Store.

  • iOS

    Apple Inc. created the advanced mobile operating system known as iOS. Running on a wide range of devices, like iPod Touches, iPads, and iPhones, it gives users a fluid and simple display. iOS, which is well-known for its slim design and strong security features, gives a solid base for a wide range of services and mobile apps, meeting the differing requirements of people all over the world.

  • HarmonyOS

    Huawei created the Harmony OS operating system, which aims to provide an easy and integrated experience on a wide range of devices, like tablets, smartphones, smart TVs, wearables, and Internet of Things devices. It tries to improve productivity and connectivity by giving users a clean and consistent view on all devices.

  • Blackberry OS

    For its range of handsets, BlackBerry Limited (previously Research In Motion) created a special mobile operating system known as BlackBerry OS. BlackBerry OS gave users a safe environment for email, messaging, and productivity tasks. It was well-known for its strong security features and effective communication skills. Business leaders and managers loved BlackBerry OS devices for their enterprise-grade security and familiar physical keyboards and simple UX

  • KaiOS

    In the 1980s and early 1990s, personal computers worked on the Microsoft Disk Operating System, or MS-DOS as it was commonly known for its command-line interface, MS-DOS gave users text-based commands that directly managed the activities of the system. For early PC users, its ease of use made it a popular option for managing files, running programs, and managing the hardware.

User Interface of windows 10

A user interface is like a bridge between people and computers. It’s what you see and interact with on a screen when using apps or websites. It includes buttons, menus, and other elements that help you control and communicate with the device or software.

Desktop

The desktop screen appears as the primary interface with which users may access their shortcuts, folders, and programs. It has a simple and simple structure that allows you create the desktop wallpaper with your favorite photos or colors. Users may also easily arrange and manage their digital workspace, which simplifies computer navigation and use.

The taskbar

The taskbar is a useful value that appears at the bottom of the screen. It has icons for your commonly used apps, a search box for fast file research, and the Start menu for fast access to all of your apps. The time, date, and alerts can be seen in the notification box on the right side. This feature helps performance by making it simple for you to jump between tasks and by having necessary tools close at reach.

Icons and Shortcuts

Icons on the desktop of a computer are graphical representations of files, folders, and applications. Icons function as symbols for simple identification.

Shortcuts work as links for quick access to files or applications. Users can interact with icons by clicking, dragging or organizing them for better navigation and job performance.

Start Menu

The Start Menu, which generally appears at the bottom-left corner of the screen, gives users an easy method to get over their computer and quickly open apps. By organizing shortcuts, pinning commonly used apps, and getting access to system features like power and settings, users can modify the Start Menu. The Start Menu’s user-friendly design and features have made it an important component of the Windows user interface, providing easy and smooth interaction with the operating system.

File Explorer

The Start Menu, which generally appears at the bottom-left corner of the screen, gives users an easy method to get over their computer and quickly open apps. By organizing shortcuts, pinning commonly used apps, and getting access to system features like power and settings, users can modify the Start Menu. The Start Menu’s user-friendly design and features have made it an important component of the Windows user interface, providing easy and smooth interaction with the operating system.

  1. Quick Access :  To find files and folders quickly for effective file management.
  2. My PC: The “My PC” section of File Explorer gives you easy access to your local discs, folders, and storage devices.
  3. Layout : For easy and fast access to your most used navigational options and tools and to arrange your files in a way that’s ideal for you, customize the File Explorer layout.
  4. FIle Property : For more details, view and edit file properties in File Explorer, like size, type, and formation.
  5. Zip File : With File Explorer’s inbuilt zip file support, you can easily and quickly decompress and compress information for efficient file storage and transfer.
  6. Sort File : To allow for easier structure and faster access in File Explorer, sort files and folders alphabetically or based on other criteria.

windows In-built applications

MS Paint

 Windows operating systems have included Paint, a simple yet helpful graphics editing use, for many years. Accessible to users of all skill levels, from beginner to expert artists, is the easy-to-use interface and set of tools.

Steps to open MS Paint

STEP 1

Go to the Start button .

STEP 2

Click on the search bar and write MS Paint.

STEP 3

Now click on the MS Paint.

STEP 4

MS Paint is ready to work.

NOTEPAD

 Windows operating systems pre-install Notepad, a simple just useful text editor. It is easy to use for writing short notes, creating short documents, and editing various types of text files(.txt) because of its simplicity.

Steps to open Notepad

STEP 1

Go to the Start button .

STEP 2

Click on the search bar and write Notepad.

STEP 3

Now click on Notepad.

STEP 4

Notepad is ready to work.

WORDPAD

Windows operating systems provide a  lightweight word processing application called WordPad. It gives users an easy-to-use text writing and editing facility without the complex function of more feature-rich tools like Microsoft Word.

Steps to open Wordpad

STEP 1

Go to the Start button .

STEP 2

Click on the search bar and write WORDPAD.

STEP 3

Now click on the "wordpad".

STEP 4

Wordpad is ready to work.

How to install Applicatications

Chrome

STEP 1

Download

Go to the link  and tap on the Download button.

STEP 2

Open

Open the chromesetup.exe file from chrome downloads.

STEP 3

Allow

If prompted click "install anyway" and after click "yes".

STEP 4

Install

Wait for installation to finish.It will automatically open .

Ubuntu

STEP 1

Download

Go to the link  and tap on the Download button.

STEP 1

Phase - II

Click on the marked area.

STEP 1

Download

Go to the link  and tap on the Download button.

STEP 1

Download

Go to the link  and tap on the Download button.

Types Of File Extension

File extensions are used to identify the type or format of a file on an operating system. They are often represented as a dot followed by a few letters, such as “.txt” for text files. Different file extensions are supported by various operating systems. Here are some typical file extensions found on various operating systems.

Text Files
  • .txt - Plain Text File
  • .docs , .docx - MS Word File
  • .rtf - Rich Text Format
  • .odt - LibraWritter File
  • .pdf - Portable Document Format
Spreadsheets
  • .xls, .xlsx - MS Excel
  • .ods - Libra Clac
  • .csv - Comma-separated values
Presentation
  • .ppt, .pptx - MS Powerpoint Presentation
  • .odp - MS Powerpoint Presentation
Image
  • jpg , .jpeg - Joint Photographic Experts Group
  • .png - Portable Network Graphic
  • .gif - Graphics Interchange Format
  • .gif - Graphics Interchange Format
  • .bmp - Bitmap Format
Audio
  • .xls, .xlsx - MS Excel
  • .wav - Waveform Audio File Format
  • .flac - Free Lossless Audio Codect
  • .acc - dvanced Audio Coding
Video
  • .mp4: MPEG-4 video format
  • .avi: Audio Video Interleave
  • .mkv: Matroska Video
Compressed files
  • .zip: Compressed ZIP archive
  • .rar: RAR compressed archive
  • .tar - Tape Archive
Executable Files
  • .exe: Windows executable file
  • .app: macOS application package
  • .deb: Debian Linux package
  • .apk: Android application package
Web Related
  • .html: Hypertext Markup Language file
  • .css: Cascading Style Sheets
  • .js: JavaScript file
  • .php: PHP script
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